Pershing Square Holdings Annual Report 2023

Summary

The 2023 annual report — Pershing Square's twentieth year — presents the mature state of the enterprise: NAV up 26.7%, total shareholder return of 36.0%, and a Day One record of 16.5% compounded over two decades, 22 times the original investment versus seven for the index. The letter is structured as a summing-up: a three-chapter performance history (the golden 12 years, the Valeant-Herbalife valley, and the post-2018 recovery compounding at 25.3%), a Michael Porter-inspired audit of the firm's competitive advantages, and the formalization of the hedging program as a dedicated, systematic function under Ackman, Ryan Israel, and Bharath Alamanda. Alphabet joined the portfolio and Lowe's departed; Howard Hughes announced the spin-off of Seaport Entertainment; the stone-tablet principles — the KB's Eight Commandments — are described as the office's literal furniture. Ackman writes here as the philosopher of the fourth act: less interested in battles than in structures that endure.

Full Text

The Chairman's Statement and Investment Manager's Report, complete; audited financial statements remain in the archive. Words unchanged.

Chairman’s Statement INTRODUCTION The volatility that the world’s economy has experienced over the past five years has made for one of the most challenging investing environments in recent history. It is against that backdrop that I commend the Investment Manager for a remarkable period during which PSH delivered an impressive 31.2% five-year compound annual Net Asset Value (“NAV”) return, a 13.5% three-year compound annual NAV return and a 26.7% one-year compound annual NAV return, outpacing both the S&P 500, FTSE 100 and MSCI World indices over the same periods.i,ii I am also pleased this strong NAV performance has been reflected in our share price, with investors experiencing share price appreciation of 31.2%, 11.3% and 36.0% over the same five, three and one year periods.iii The Investment Manager’s success has been driven by its adherence to its core investing principles and its disciplined investment process. These have directed the Investment Manager to assemble a portfolio of businesses based on deep fundamental research that are well positioned to perform and improve over time, even through periods of heightened volatility. Indeed, each of PSH’s portfolio companies has made substantial business progress over the past five years or since the investment was added to the portfolio. The past five years have also demonstrated the Investment Manager’s ability to effectively navigate the macroeconomic environment through the use of various asymmetric hedging instruments which have protected the portfolio against the economic fallout from widely unforeseen events such as a pandemic and rising interest rates. The Investment Manager’s strategy and execution of its hedging program has been a significant competitive advantage for PSH. While the Investment Manager has delivered remarkable investment performance, the Board has also been active on behalf of shareholders to further enhance shareholder returns and create long-term value for investors.

Over the same five-year period, the Board has, among other initiatives, instituted a dividend and adopted a methodology which ensures that the dividend will increase along with NAV appreciation over time, authorised $1.15 billion of share repurchases, authorised the issuance of long-dated debt at attractive rates while maintaining conservative leverage levels and investment grade ratings and considered how PSH might restructure to obtain a listing on a U.S. stock exchange. Most recently, on February 7th, 2024, the Investment Manager announced its intention to launch a new NYSE-listed U.S. closedend fund, Pershing Square USA, Ltd. (“PSUS”). 20% of the management fees earned by the Investment Manager from PSUS and any other additional Pershing Square funds that do not charge a performance fee will be used to reduce the performance fees paid to the Investment Manager by PSH. To facilitate the potential reduction in performance fees, the PSH Board approved various amendments to our Investment Management Agreement (“IMA”) with the Investment Manager because we believe that the reduction in fees will enable PSH to generate higher long-term returns for its shareholders. I detail PSH’s strong investment performance as well as provide additional information about recent actions taken by the Board in the pages that follow.

INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE

During the year ended December 31, 2023, PSH’s NAV per share, including dividends, increased by 26.7%, ending the year at $65.04 per share. PSH’s share price increased by 36.0% over the same period as a result of the narrowing of the discount to NAV at which PSH shares traded from 33.2% to 28.7%.iv By comparison, the S&P 500 increased 26.3% during the year ended December 31, 2023. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 3

PSH’s strong performance in 2023 was driven by the continued progress of PSH’s portfolio companies. PSH’s hedging program was a detractor to performance in 2023, but when considered over longer periods, it has protected the portfolio from volatility and generated significant profits as detailed in the Investment Manager’s letter in the 2023 Interim Report. The performance of the entire portfolio along with additional information about the Investment Manager’s hedging program is discussed in more detail in the Investment Manager’s Report.

INVESTMENT MANAGER

The Board has delegated the task of managing PSH’s assets to the Investment Manager as set out in the IMA entered into by PSH and PSCM at the inception of PSH (as amended from time to time). Although the Board does not make individual investment decisions, the Board is ultimately accountable for oversight of the Investment Manager. The Investment Manager is a fundamental value investor that utilises a range of engagement strategies to unlock long-term value for shareholders and, among other things, seeks to invest in excellent businesses with opportunities for improvement. These businesses tend to be large cap companies domiciled in North America that generate relatively predictable and growing free-cash-flows, with formidable barriers to entry and a compelling value proposition. The Investment Manager continues to engage constructively with many of PSH’s portfolio companies through direct board representation in some situations, and less formal, private engagement in others. PSH continues to believe that its ability to access low-cost, long-term, investment grade debt is a competitive advantage, and its long-term debt management strategy is to manage leverage over time by increasing NAV through strong performance and laddering maturities through new issuances.

PSH’s debt profile is comprised of a laddered set of maturities, matching our longterm investment horizon, with a weighted average maturity of eight years and a weighted average cost of capital of 3.1% as of March 19, 2024. PSH’s total debt to total capital ratio as of March 19, 2024 was 15.8%.v The Board believes that this amount of leverage is conservative, particularly given the quality, liquidity and mark-to-mark nature of PSH’s portfolio assets. PSH does not have any margin leverage nor any mark-to-market covenants on its outstanding bonds.

PORTFOLIO CHANGES

As I discussed in my letter to you in August, the Investment Manager established a large position in Alphabet, the parent company of Google, in H1 2023. The Investment Manager initiated a position early in 2023 as concerns about the impact of AI on Alphabet’s business caused the company’s share price to decline to an attractive valuation. Alphabet has been a tremendous investment to date and was the third largest contributor to PSH’s performance in 2023. PSH exited its investment in Lowe’s in 2023 because the Investment Manager believes Lowe’s future returns had become less certain amidst the current macroeconomic environment. Lowe’s was a highly successful investment as the share price, including dividends, increased 175% from our average cost at announcement date to our average sale price.vi The Investment Manager’s registration statement for Pershing Square SPARC Holdings, Ltd. (“SPARC” or “Special Purpose Acquisition Rights Company”), a significantly more efficient and improved successor to the traditional Special Purpose Acquisition Company, became effective on September 29, 2023. SPARC has begun to pursue potential business combination opportunities with private, high-quality, growth companies including carve-out transactions with large capitalization public or private companies.

A transaction with SPARC will enable a private company to substantially avoid the costs and risks associated with the traditional IPO process. It will enable a private company to raise a minimum amount of capital at a negotiated fixed price, with the Pershing Square funds (primarily PSH), affiliates of SPARC, committing a minimum of $250 million and up to $3.5 billion as anchor investors in the transaction.vii Ultimately, SPARC expands the universe of potential businesses that PSH can buy, and the Investment Manager will keep shareholders updated on its progress as appropriate. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 4

Further information on the PSH portfolio can be found in the Investment Manager’s Report.

CORPORATE ACTIONS

The Board has undertaken a number of corporate actions over the past year. • In February 2024, the Board approved amendments to the Variable Performance Fee provisions in PSH’s IMA that could reduce the performance fees paid by PSH, potentially starting in 2024. Prior to the amendment, the Company was entitled to receive a fee reduction of 20% of the performance fees earned by the Investment Manager from non-PSH funds. However, PSH would not benefit from the potential fee reduction until the Investment Manager had first recovered $120 million of costs it incurred in connection with PSH’s initial public offering in 2014. The amendment eliminated the Investment Manager’s right to receive the outstanding unrecovered IPO costs (which had been reduced to $36 million as of December 31, 2023), and expanded the fee reduction to also include 20% of management fees earned from any non-PSH Pershing Square funds that invest in public securities and do not charge performance fees. PSUS will charge a management fee (after its first year), but no performance fee, so the amendment to the IMA will ensure that the performance fees paid by PSH to the Investment Manager will be reduced by 20% of the management fees earned by the Investment Manager from PSUS. The Board believes that the fee offset arrangement distinguishes PSH from most other publicly listed funds and has the potential to meaningfully improve NAV per share performance.

Shareholders can read more about the approved amendments in the press release on February 7th, 2024 (www.pershingsquareholdings.com/pressreleases), and beginning on slide 14 of PSH’s most recent annual investor presentation (www.pershingsquareholdings.com/materials/letters-to-shareholders). • In 2022, the Board initiated a new methodology for determining the future dividends that PSH pays which established that the dividend payment would increase based on NAV growth. In January 2024, based on this methodology, the dividends for 2024 increased by 11%, the second increase since the adoption of the new methodology. • The Board authorised a total of $350 million in share repurchase programs in 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 5.4 million shares at an average price of $37.91 and average discount to NAV of 34.3%. As of December 31, 2023, PSH has spent $1.3 billion to repurchase 64.5 million shares, representing 25.9% of initial shares outstanding, at an average price of $20.24 and average discount to NAV of 29.2% since initiating its first share repurchase program on May 2, 2017. DISCOUNT TO NAV Shareholders benefited from the narrowing of the discount during 2023 and have captured 100% of the value of the increase in NAV over the past five years as the PSH share price appreciated 31.2%.viii However, the Board is not satisfied with the current discount which stood at 28.7% at December 31, 2023 and 26.3% as March 19, 2024.ix As discussed in the Report of the Directors, the Board has undertaken a number of corporate actions in recent years to address the discount. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 5

During 2023, the Board and the Investment Manager thoroughly examined the options for obtaining a U.S. listing for PSH with the goal of increasing the number of investors who could own PSH. After encountering numerous restrictions, limitations and issues relating to inter alia the Investment Company Act of 1940, adverse tax considerations, and challenging structuring requirements, the Board and the Investment Manager decided a U.S. listing was not viable and that PSH will remain a publiclytraded closed-end fund over the long term. As of March 19, 2024, PSH is the 57th largest company by market capitalization in the FTSE 100 and would be the 46th largest were its shares to trade at NAV. The Investment Manager continues to increase its global marketing efforts, both directly and through its relationships with Cadarn Capital and LodeRock Advisors, to better inform the potential universe of investors about PSH. While this marketing effort along with the other corporate actions the Board has taken in recent efforts may have a positive impact on the narrowing of the discount, the Board continues to believe that the most powerful driver of long-term shareholder returns will be strong absolute and relative NAV performance.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE / BOARD

As previously noted in the 2022 Annual Report and consistent with the requirements of the AIC Code for directors serving more than nine years, I will be stepping down as Chairman at the upcoming Annual General Meeting (“AGM”). The Board has selected Rupert Morley to be your next Chairman. Having already served on the PSH Board for three years, the Board is confident that Rupert has the knowledge and experience to take on the role of Chair, subject to shareholder approval at the AGM. Tracy Palandjian retired as a non-executive director of the Company due to the increased demands of her executive and other board commitments and we thank her for her valuable contributions to PSH.

The Board has nominated Charlotte Denton as an independent non-executive Director of the Company, subject to the approval of shareholders at the 2024 AGM. Ms Denton’s lengthy experience serving as a director to regulated asset management businesses in Guernsey and the UK further adds to the Board’s financial expertise and skill set and her prior service on the board of PS Holdings Independent Voting Company Limited (“VoteCo”) has made her knowledgeable about the Company. EVENTS / SHAREHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PSH’s annual investor meeting was held on February 8, 2024. It was wonderful to get an opportunity to interact with so many of our shareholders in person and we were pleased to welcome hundreds more to the webcast of the event. During the meeting, the Investment Manager presented a portfolio update. Slides from the presentation are available on PSH’s website: www.pershingsquareholdings.com. PSH’s 2024 AGM will be held in Guernsey on May 8, 2024. Details of the event will be posted on www.pershingsquareholdings.com. This is my final letter to you as Chair of PSH, and it will be your new Chairman who will report to you on the first half of the year in August 2024. As a PSH shareholder myself, I look forward to reading his updates and those of the Investment Manager, who will also keep you informed of any significant developments in the portfolio before then, if appropriate. /s/ Anne Farlow Anne Farlow Chairman of the Board March 22, 2024 Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 6

Investment Manager’s Report LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS(5) To the Shareholders of Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd.: In 2023, Pershing Square’s 20th year, Pershing Square Holdings generated strong NAV performance of 26.7% versus 26.3% for our principal benchmark, the S&P 500 index.6 Our total shareholder return was 36.0%, as PSH’s discount to NAV narrowed by 4.5 percentage points from 33.2% to 28.7%.7 Investors who invested in Pershing Square, L.P. at its inception on January 1, 2004, and transferred their capital account to PSH at its inception on December 31, 2012 (“Day One Investors”) have grown their equity investment at a 16.5% compounded annual rate over the last 20 years, compared with a 10.0% return had they invested in the S&P 500 during the same period. With the magic of compounding, our 16.5% compound annual NAV return translates into a cumulative total NAV return since inception of 2,078% versus 592% for the S&P 500 over the same period. In other words, Day One Investors have multiplied their equity investment by 22 times versus the seven times multiple they would have achieved had they invested in a zero-fee S&P 500 index fund.8 Using PSH’s stock price return rather than per-share NAV performance, Day One Investors have earned a 15.0% compounded return, a 17-times multiple of their original investment.9 This lower return reflects the 26.3% discount to NAV at which PSH’s stock currently trades.10 Our strong preference is for PSH’s shares to trade at or around intrinsic value for which we believe NAV per share is a conservative estimate. We recently announced a number of important steps that we believe will help to close the discount to NAV, which I discuss later in this letter. 2023 In Review 2023 was another excellent year for our portfolio companies and their stock price performances.

Despite a challenging geopolitical backdrop with two major wars underway and a large and sustained increase in interest rates, our portfolio companies continued to generate strong growth in revenues, profits, and shareholder value. This outcome is not guaranteed every year, but it is certainly intentional. We seek to identify businesses whose business models, competitive advantages, barriers to entry, balance sheets, and excellent management teams enable them to succeed despite the negative extrinsic factors (i.e., factors that are not inherent to the business itself) that inevitably emerge. We added one company to the portfolio in 2023, Alphabet (aka Google), and we exited one, Lowe’s. Our limited portfolio activity should not be a surprise. In that we are a long-term investor which attempts to identify businesses we can own for a decade or more, you should generally expect limited changes in our equity portfolio composition. Frenetic investment activity is often the enemy of long-term performance. An investment manager who markets itself as a long-term owner of businesses, but who is constantly buying and selling new securities is likely misrepresenting their strategy. Hedging and Asymmetric Investments We seek to mitigate extrinsic risks by investing in hedges and other asymmetric instruments that offer large payoffs if negative events occur. While we have successfully hedged the three ‘black swan’ risks of the last 20 years of our history – the Great Financial Crisis, Covid 19, and the Federal Reserve’s recent aggressive increases in short-term rates – we can’t promise to identify and execute attractive hedges for all future risks. We do, however, spend significant time attempting to understand the potential risks that may emerge in the world, and the various instruments we can use to ‘insure’ against their potential negative effects.

In order for our hedging strategy to be effective, we need to both identify the potential risk and invest in an instrument that offers a sufficient payoff relative to the cost of the hedge. Our ability to have done so historically is due to the Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 7

fact that we have identified important risks in advance of most other investors. Our hedging strategy has been a substantial contributor to our long-term performance as we have generated large profits from these investments and we have generally reinvested the proceeds in our core holdings at lower valuations during market disruptions.11 In 2023, our hedges generated 187 basis points (bps) of losses principally due to an energy-related hedge (-108bps) and Japanese interest-rate swaptions (-141bps) offset somewhat by mark-to-market gains on USD interest-rate swaptions (+92bps) referencing several tenors (30-year payer swaptions, and 5-year and 1-year receiver swaptions).12 Our 30-year USD interest-rate payer swaptions (instruments that increase in value as rates rise) were valued at 92% above cost at the beginning of the year, but we did not realize these gains because of continuing concerns we had for most of the year about rising interest rates. In October, we believed that interest rates were unlikely to rise further and we sold our 30-year USD interest-rate swaptions and generated a smaller profit (33% premium above cost). We then initiated investments in 1-year and 5-year instruments that increase in value as rates decline, which we continue to hold. We also continue to maintain our energy-related hedge to mitigate the impact of a large rise in energy prices. As energy prices decreased in 2023, the hedge’s value declined to about 39% below cost at year end and has increased in value since the beginning of the year with the rise in energy prices. Our hedging program has enabled to us to be comfortable remaining fully invested even during periods of market turmoil. Our approach to portfolio management, however, may cause us to maintain a profitable hedge longer than would be optimal if our only concern were maximizing the profit on the hedge. We do so because our goal is to generate overall portfolio gains rather than maximizing the profits of individual hedges.

If one purchased a large homeowner’s policy, one should be similarly reluctant to cancel it in exchange for a substantial payment from the carrier if a large tornado were enroute. Alternatively, if we managed a separate fund just for asymmetric bets, the fund’s mandate would only consider the profit maximization of its asymmetric instruments, not protecting a long equity portfolio from the risk of loss. Our principal goal in initiating and maintaining hedges is to reduce the overall risk of a permanent loss of capital, and to create liquidity at times when liquidity is most valuable. Our investment in credit default swaps on the investment grade bond index to hedge Covid risk in late February and early March of 2020 best exemplifies this strategy. In March of 2020, the Pershing Square Funds generated $2.6 billion of proceeds from an investment of $27 million of CDS premium and quickly redeployed $2.3 billion of these profits in a stock market that had declined by as much as 33.8%.13 2020’s hedging and reinvestment program led to our best performance year ever, up 70.2% in 2020. While our investments in hedging and asymmetric instruments have been enormously profitable, we could have done better. In each of the three black swan events of the last 20 years, we had an early and highly variant view of the likely impact and probability of their occurrence and had identified and invested in instruments that offered profits many times their cost. In retrospect, we should have invested more and achieved even greater profits without risking materially more capital. While our strategy of identifying asymmetric investments has existed since the inception of Pershing Square, it could be best described as episodic and opportunistic. After our successful Covid trade in early 2020, we have adopted a more systematic and dedicated approach executed by a subset of the investment team – Ryan Israel, Bharath Alamanda, and myself.

Our experience with our new dedicated effort has been favorable. We have broadened the universe of asymmetric opportunities we are researching and are finding a greater number of interesting opportunities to pursue. While we intend for these investments to continue to represent a modest percentage of our capital, we believe they could be an even more important contributor to our returns over time. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 8

Our 20-Year Performance History Pershing Square’s performance history can be best understood by considering it in three chapters. In our first chapter, we generated a 20.9% compounded return for the first nearly 12 years of our history – from January 1, 2004 to July 31, 2015.14 In chapter two, which lasted about two years, we incurred a large loss on our investment in Valeant which led to declines both in the market value of our other long positions and an increase in the liability of our short position in Herbalife as its stock price rose as investors expected us to be forced to sell and/or cover positions. Our recovery began in 2018 as we generated a nearly flat year (-0.7%) in a down market. At the inception of chapter three, which began in 2018, we announced that: (1) we would no longer seek to raise capital for our two open-ended funds – Pershing Square, L.P. and Pershing Square International, Ltd., (2) we would return to our roots as an “investment-centric” operation, and (3) we would refocus on our core investment principles, which we symbolically engraved on ‘stone’ tablets that sit on everyone’s desk and in conference rooms around the office. We also gave up activist short selling (which had been a very small but publicly notable part of our strategy) and I and other employees and affiliates made a large additional investment in PSH, which greatly increased the stability of our capital. In segment three, we have generated our best absolute and relative NAV returns since inception, 25.3% compounded for the last six calendar years, 1,320 basis points per annum above the S&P 500’s total return over the same period. What has caused our outperformance? We believe the answer can be best understood by examining the competitive advantages that we have developed over time.

The Sources of Pershing Square’s Competitive Advantage Michael Porter, the Harvard Business School professor and competitive strategy guru, has been one of the most important influences on our investment strategy. Michael was an early investor in Gotham Partners, my first fund, and in Pershing Square where he served on our advisory board for nearly two decades. Michael retired from HBS recently, but his work continues to drive enormous value in business, government, and society for which we should all be very grateful. Michael will soon be honored in a full day symposium at HBS later this month which makes it timely for us to examine Pershing Square’s competitive advantages so that we can better understand their importance in contributing to our historic profits and in helping to drive our long-term prospects. The Competitive Advantages of Our Investment Strategy Pershing Square’s competitive advantages begin with our investment strategy which has few likeminded practitioners. Our strategy is to acquire large minority stakes in the highest quality, durable growth companies in the world, generally at times when a company is enduring a period of underperformance, or alternatively when the market incorrectly believes that a period of subpar performance for a business is about to begin. Because of our track record for successfully effecting positive corporate change, we are able to obtain a large degree of influence over the companies in which we invest. Our influence enables us to have input into and advise on management, governance, and/or strategic issues, thereby assisting our portfolio companies in creating long-term value. It has been nearly eight years since we have made a so-called “activist” investment. In our early years, we had not yet earned sufficient credibility in the board room to obtain corporate influence, so we had no choice but to utilize an activist approach.

Over the last 20 years, we have built substantial credibility with management teams, boards of directors, and shareholders that has enabled us to avoid the need for activism to have influence in the board room. We greatly prefer our quieter and more time-efficient approach to engaged long-term ownership. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 9

One can think of our strategy as akin to private equity, but where we do not need to pay a premium for control in an auction managed by a first-tier investment bank, and therefore, unlike private equity, we don’t need to use large amounts of leverage to generate attractive rates of return. Our investment universe is also not limited to what is for sale in the private markets. Our opportunity set is comprised of large capitalization, publicly traded companies which include many of the best businesses in the world that would not likely be receptive to a going private transaction. Our strategy of investment concentration is an important competitive advantage as we allocate capital only to our best ideas. Fewer investment professionals are needed to manage a concentrated portfolio. Our small team approach allows us to recruit the best and brightest as top talent greatly prefers to be one of eight or 10 investment professionals rather than one of 25, one of 100, or even 1,000 or more, team sizes which are common at other large alternative investment managers. Our investment strategy is one of the few that benefits from economies of scale. In light of our long-term ownership objectives and the large cap nature of our targets, larger ownership stakes are beneficial as they increase our influence, which helps to drive our investment performance. While we have yet to legally control a business with a 50% or greater stake, one can envision a world where we do as our asset base grows over time. The Competitive Advantages of Permanent Capital Pershing Square is one of only a few investment managers that operates with permanent capital. In a world where our competition is beholden to annual, quarterly, monthly and even daily redemption terms, the stability of our capital base is one of our most important competitive advantages.

It enables us to take the long view and to be opportunistic during market panics, a time when other investors typically need to raise capital by selling assets to meet the redemptions that inevitably come with market volatility. Permanent capital also allows us to make long-term commitments to management teams which have enabled us to recruit some of the most outstanding CEOs in the world to our portfolio companies. Our closed-ended fund structure, strong long-term performance record, and portfolio comprised of well-capitalized large companies have enabled PSH to garner strong investment grade credit ratings and to issue a modest amount (generally between 15% and 20% of total assets) of investment grade bond financing without mark-to-market or other margin-like covenants. This low-cost, long-term leverage (3.1% weighted average cost of capital, eight-year weighted-average term bonds) replaces higher-cost equity capital and enhances our long-term investment returns, without adding meaningful risk to the portfolio. Permanent capital is an important recruiting tool. We generally hire investment analysts from the top private equity firms. The risk of leaving a large established private equity firm for a position at a typical hedge fund is that one’s tenure is highly correlated with the short-term success of the firm the analyst joins regardless of his or her individual performance. In light of our permanent capital base, even in the most challenging period in our history in 2017, we were able to recruit the top two investment professionals of the private equity class of that year. Bharath Alamanda and Feroz Qayyum joined when we were well below the high-water mark because they understood that our permanent capital base provided long-term staying power. Permanent capital is also a great retention tool. Whereas in the past, a few members of our investment team left to form their own firms, none have departed since we restructured the firm six or so years ago.

While an entrepreneurial analyst could still leave and launch her own firm, she would be leaving behind the benefits of our permanent capital, large scale, and our reputational equity. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 10

The Competitive Advantages of the Pershing Square Brand While there are a number of other well-known hedge fund firms, in most firms the brand is not relevant to their investment performance. We have increasingly found that the Pershing Square brand, or in other words, the reputational equity that we have built over time, is an important asset of the firm. We are well known for our tenacity, for keeping our word, and for doing the right thing. These tenets of our corporate ethos have also enabled us to attract and retain the best talent to our firm and to the companies that we own, while also creating opportunities for investment. Our 2021 negotiated investment in Universal Music Group was facilitated by the reputation that we have built over 20 years. Our reputation is our most carefully guarded asset, one that we expect will play an even more important role in our longer-term investment performance. The Competitive Advantages of Admitting Our Mistakes and Learning from Them Experience is making mistakes and learning from them. We have made many mistakes over 20 years, and we treasure each and every one of them. We write about our mistakes in our public letters. We talk about them in podcasts and interviews, and they are widely featured in the media. We are transparent about our errors for two reasons: our investors are entitled to as much transparency about our failures as our successes, and importantly, our public disclosure of mistakes encourages us to study and learn from them, markedly decreasing the likelihood that they will be repeated. The Competitive Advantages of Our Culture and Small Organizational Scale Pershing Square has 40 employees. The combination of permanent capital and a concentrated investment approach allows us to operate with substantially fewer employees compared with firms with similar amounts of capital under management. Our smaller human scale allows us to attract the highest quality employees and retain them.

Our unique family-oriented culture, the powerful economics of our business, and its widely dispersed economic ownership make Pershing Square a unique and special place to spend one’s career. Our small scale and long-tenured employee base also reduce risks, particularly in a regulatorily-sensitive industry. Much has been said about the DEI movement on campus, corporations, and in government in recent months. Pershing Square manages to be a highly diverse, meritocratic, and inclusive culture for all of our employees. While we have long believed in the benefits of our diverse culture, Pershing Square’s diversity is not just defined by our racial, ethnic, sexual identity, and gender differences. Our team members come from highly diverse geographical, socioeconomic, and cultural backgrounds and represent broad viewpoints, politically and otherwise. Yet, we all manage to get along well without the corporate politics typical of many companies. While we don’t all agree on who should be our next U.S. president, we are closely aligned on our long-term mission of driving value for our investors. We are extremely fortunate to work alongside such a remarkable, highquality group of human beings. Other Notable Developments of 2023 Pershing Square SPARC Holdings, Ltd. After two years and 15 amended filings of its registration statement, Pershing Square SPARC Holdings, Ltd. was finally declared effective by the SEC on September 29, 2023. To remind you, SPARC is a new form of acquisition company that does not suffer from the structural, compensation, and other problems with other acquisition vehicles. SPARC has no underwriting fees, shareholder warrants or founder stock, nor is there a short timeframe to identify a transaction (we have 10 years to execute a deal). Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 11

We believe that SPARC is the most efficient and certain way for a private business to go public, with the benefit of Pershing Square as an anchor investor with as much as a $3.5 billion committed investment, a commitment that we can make prior to the public announcement of the transaction.15 As a result, a potential counterparty can have certainty about its public offering including price (i.e., valuation) and the minimum amount of capital that will be raised regardless of market conditions. We have received a substantial number of inbound potential SPARC transaction ideas, but none yet that meet our standards for business quality, durable growth, and sufficient scale. We welcome ideas for potential transactions and would be delighted to pay advisors for bringing us a deal that meets our criteria. Modifications to the Investment Management Agreement On February 7th, PSH announced certain amendments to the Investment Management Agreement that will have the effect of reducing PSH’s 16% performance fee. The amendments to the IMA include:

1. An amendment to the Variable Performance Fee (“VPF”) provision of the IMA which will now provide that the Additional Reduction will no longer exclude fees paid to the Investment Manager by Pershing Square funds that are publicly traded in the United States.
2. An amendment to the VPF provision of the IMA which provides that the Additional Reduction will also include an amount equal to 20% of any management fees that the Investment Manager earns from non-PSH, Pershing Square funds that invest in public securities that do not have performance fees.
3. The waiver by the Investment Manager of the right to receive the $36 million outstanding balance of unrecovered IPO costs before the Additional Reduction under the VPF provision takes effect.

As a result of the above amendments, PSH’s 16% annual performance fee will now also be reduced by 20% of any management fees earned from any non-PSH Pershing Square funds that invest in public securities and do not have performance fees. The benefits of reduced fees include better long-term performance and, we also believe, greater demand for shares from investment managers who are required to report the ‘look-through’ fees of funds in which they invest. We believe the Key Information Document (“KID”), which requires disclosure of the proportion of fees and (illogically) the interest expense of any fund an asset manager invests in – is one of the principal factors driving reduced demand for PSH, thereby contributing to our wider discount to NAV. By reducing PSH’s performance fees, we will generate higher returns, report lower fees on our KID disclosure document, and PSH will become a more attractive investment for all. On February 7th, we also announced our intention to launch a U.S. closed-ended fund called Pershing Square USA, Ltd., a fund which will largely mirror PSH in its investment strategy and hedging and asymmetric investment approach. With the benefit of the newly modified VPF arrangement, our long-term goal is to reduce PSH’s performance fees to zero with the launch of new funds and strong long-term performance. We are limited in what we can share about these plans due to regulatory reasons, but we will inform you as promptly as possible about these developments. Our CEOs Over the last 20 years, we have had the opportunity to work alongside some of the greatest CEOs in history. Notable mentions from our past include icons such as Hunter Harrison of Canadian Pacific and Seifi Ghasemi of Air Products, and our current roster is similarly extraordinary. We would not have achieved our success without their transformative contributions.

While we always sing our CEOs’ praises internally and often in our letters, it is important that you know how fortunate we are to have the benefit of their acumen, commitment, energy, and alignment with our success. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 12

Our Academy Award winners this year include: Keith Creel of Canadian Pacific (the best operator in the industry who created the first Trans-North American railroad with the completion of the acquisition of Kansas City Southern in December 2021), Patrick Doyle, Executive Chairman of Restaurant Brands (best known for his remarkable success at Domino’s who along with CEO Josh Kobza we expect will deliver an even better outcome at RBI), Marvin Ellison of Lowe’s (who has executed a brilliant turnaround on a rapid path to catch Lowe’s direct competitor), Sir Lucian Grainge of UMG (who has navigated every music format and technological threat to the industry with aplomb and can only be described as an icon), Brian Niccol of Chipotle (Chipotle stock is up more than 10-fold since Brian became CEO in March 2018. What more can we say?), Chris Nassetta of Hilton for whom words do not do justice, Sundar Pichai of Alphabet (whom we don’t yet know, but has led Alphabet for over the last eight years, during which the company’s revenue, earnings and market value have grown substantially), and David O’Reilly of Howard Hughes Holdings (who has not yet reached iconic status but is on his way based on his progress to date). Last, but not least, it is important to mention the CEOs of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Priscilla Almodovar and Michael DeVito, whom we have never met, get no recognition, and are underpaid because both companies remain wards of the state. These two executives run two of the most important companies in the country, critical for our unique housing finance system to remain intact, and one of the most important drivers of our economy. We should all be incredibly appreciative for their important work on our nation’s behalf. While the CEOs get most of the shoutouts, the rest of the team members ultimately do the work required to deliver the results.

Thank you to all for an incredible 20 years.

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2023 was yet another year of geopolitical and economic uncertainty. 2024 will likely be no different with the upcoming U.S. presidential election, unresolved wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, and continued political disharmony globally. Despite these concerns, we believe we are well equipped for uncertainty in light of the high-quality nature of the businesses we own, and the superb management teams that preside over them. Volatility is the friend of the long-term investor with permanent capital. While we fret about the world around us, we are well positioned for uncertainty. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 13

There are few firms in our industry who make it past a decade, let alone more than 20 years. We are incredibly grateful for the opportunity you have given us to be a long-term steward of your investment capital. Thank you for your confidence and support. Sincerely, William A. Ackman Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 14

PORTFOLIO UPDATE (16) Performance Attribution Below are the contributors and detractors to gross performance of the portfolio of the Company for 2023 and year-to-date 2024.(17) January 1, 2023 – December 31, 2023 January 1, 2024 – March 19, 2024 Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. 8.2 % Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. 3.1 % Universal Music Group N.V. 5.6 % Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. 1.8 % Alphabet Inc. 5.4 % Canadian Pacific Kansas City Limited 1.1 % Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. 5.1 % Universal Music Group N.V. 0.8 % Restaurant Brands International Inc. 3.3 % Alphabet Inc. 0.7 % Lowe's Companies Inc. 2.3 % Restaurant Brands International Inc. 0.6 % Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. 1.4 % Federal National Mortgage Association 0.5 % Share Buyback Accretion 1.1 % Share Buyback Accretion 0.2 % Federal National Mortgage Association 0.8 % Bond Interest Expense (0.1)% Canadian Pacific Kansas City Limited 0.6 % Howard Hughes Holdings Inc. (1.6)% Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation 0.5 % Interest Rate Swaptions (1.7)% Interest Rate Swaptions (0.5)% All Other Positions and Other Income/Expense 0.8 % Bond Interest Expense (0.8)% Energy Options (1.1)% All Other Positions and Other Income/Expense (0.1)% Contributors Less Detractors (Gross Return) 31.8 % Contributors Less Detractors (Gross Return) 6.2 % Contributors or detractors to performance of 50 basis points or more are listed above separately, while contributors or detractors to performance of less than 50 basis points are aggregated, except for bond interest expense and share buyback accretion. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. All investments involve risk, including the loss of principal. Please see accompanying endnotes and important disclaimers on pages 121-125.

Current Equity Positions: Universal Music Group (“UMG”) Universal Music Group is the world’s leading music entertainment company and a high-quality, capital-light business that can be best thought of as a rapidly growing royalty on greater global consumption and monetization of music. In 2023, UMG’s organic revenues grew 12% while Adjusted EBITDA grew 19%, far in excess of the company’s mid-term guidance. We generally prefer to follow the progress of an earnings-per-share driven metric of bottom-line financial performance rather than adjusted EBITDA when evaluating businesses. For 2023, however, UMG’s Adjusted EBITDA is a reasonable method to judge the company’s year-on-year progress in light of the large upfront option-grant expenses in 2023, a substantial portion of which are one-time in nature. We believe that the long-term outlook for UMG is strong and that the company will continue to outperform its mid-term guidance due to better monetization, cost rationalization, and continued development of new services. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 15

We have long believed that music is one of the lowest-cost, highest-value forms of entertainment, which is still in the early stages of monetization. Up until recently, the ~$10 per month pricing of music subscriptions has remained unchanged. In 2023, each of the major digital service providers (“DSPs”) increased prices for individual subscriptions from $9.99 to $10.99, and Deezer, a smaller player, increased prices further to $11.99 in its key markets. Because of the lag between announcement and pricing implementation, these increases only partially contributed to 2023 revenues, and 2024 will be the first full year to benefit from price increases. We believe that regular price increases will become the norm in the audio streaming industry as they are in the video streaming industry. Importantly, UMG is also helping shape the industry by moving it towards an “artist-centric” economic model which would provide greater rewards to those artists who drive subscriber growth, engagement, and retention. UMG has signed agreements with most of the major DSPs that incorporate these principles which will increase artist revenues, and the labels including UMG which represent them. While streaming led to broad adoption among consumers, a single price point for all consumers has not allowed for customer segmentation. We believe engaging and monetizing superfans through targeted offerings is a significant opportunity for platforms and labels. UMG is actively working with its partners to expand the music market by offering products and experiences for superfans. The company will update investors on these initiatives and its growth outlook at its Capital Markets Day in September. While UMG’s revenues and business performance have been ahead of our expectations and the company’s mid-term targets, its costs have also grown meaningfully over the last few years. The company recently announced a €250 million cost-saving program, far above investor expectations.

We believe these savings will allow the company to reliably expand its margins while still maintaining industry-leading A&R (artist and repertoire) and marketing investments. The company also announced a minority investment in Chord Music Partners, an investment vehicle for smaller catalog acquisitions. The partnership is a financially attractive way for UMG to acquire certain catalog assets on attractive terms while earning distribution and other fees for its services. While investors were initially concerned about the impact of artificial intelligence (“AI”) on the music industry, UMG is demonstrating its ability to harness AI’s growth opportunities while also ensuring regulatory and legal protection for its artists. In August, UMG and Google announced joint ethical AI principles and YouTube released AI music tools including a prompt-based feature that generates content in an artist’s voice. UMG is also lobbying lawmakers to protect artist rights. U.S. lawmakers are considering a federal right of publicity law and bolstering existing copyright law. European lawmakers recently passed the EU Artificial Intelligence Act, which includes meaningful transparency and record keeping obligations. While UMG is actively partnering and enabling the ethical use of AI, it is also taking a strong stance against platforms that have trained their models on copyrighted content by challenging them in court. Alphabet ("GOOG") In early 2023, we initiated an investment in Alphabet, the parent company of Google, at a highly attractive valuation during a period when apprehension about the company’s competitive positioning in AI overshadowed the high-quality nature of its business and strong growth prospects. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 16

Since we initiated our position, the company has delivered impressive operating results. With two of the highest ROI and most resilient ad formats in Search and YouTube, Google occupies a dominant position in the secularly fast-growing digital advertising market. As the digital advertising market recovered over the course of the year, revenue growth in Google’s advertising business accelerated from 3% in Q1 2023 to 10% in Q4 2023. Moreover, the company realized significant progress on its substantial margin expansion opportunity and maintained a robust capital return program. In 2023, operating profit margins expanded by approximately 225 basis points (bps), excluding one-time severance and real estate charges, as the Cloud segment reached breakeven profitability. We expect continued cost control, automation efficiencies, and operating leverage in under-earning segments (Cloud & YouTube) to sustain margin expansion as Google invests behind AI initiatives. The company is using its ample free cash flow to repurchase approximately 4% of its outstanding shares on an annual basis. Despite strong financial performance, concerns about Google’s AI capabilities continue to weigh on its valuation. These concerns were recently stoked by Google’s flawed rollout of its Gemini chatbot app which displayed historically inaccurate and biased responses to certain image and text queries. CEO, Sundar Pichai, has acknowledged these responses as “completely unacceptable” and the company is working quickly to rectify underlying issues, including implementing structural changes to its product launch, evaluation, and red-teaming processes to prevent future instances of bias. While Google’s challenges have been well-publicized, it is worth noting that AI chatbots from other Big Tech and upstart competitors have displayed similarly biased and inaccurate responses.

We are still in the very early days of AI commercialization and expect the company to iterate and learn from occasional missteps as it launches new AI applications. Over the longer term, we believe Google’s access to high-quality training data, its substantial distribution moat, its AI-optimized infrastructure and deep technical expertise are durable competitive advantages. Although overshadowed by the scrutiny around its chatbot, Google also recently unveiled its next-generation AI model, Gemini 1.5, which we believe is industry-leading and represents a step-change improvement in the amount of information an AI model can process. For example, Gemini 1.5 is capable of analyzing hour-long videos and codebases with over 30,000 lines of code. Google is uniquely well-positioned to deliver AI advances, like Gemini 1.5, cost-efficiently and at scale across its broad suite of consumer and Cloud apps, including six different products that each serve more than two billion users. The cumulative impact of AI and machine learning enhancements is perhaps most evident in Google’s core Search franchise. Google Search has evolved from its starting point as a simple results page with “10 blue links” and now provides summary answer snippets for informational and educational queries similar to AI chatbots without any of their latency. For more involved queries, for example, in travel, the company has developed specialized Google Flights and Hotels modules that offer consumers substantial utility and freedom to direct their discovery process. Innovation in Google Search has maintained its leading market position through multiple perceived “disruption” risks over time, including the platform transition from desktop-to-mobile and competitive threats from social media and verticalized search.

Likewise, we view the company’s integration of generative AI into a wider range of queries, not as a disruptive shift, but as a natural evolution of its Search product which will enhance the user experience and improve conversion for advertisers. We continue to believe Google is one of the most advantaged and scaled players in AI with an unmatched business model. The company’s stock currently trades at approximately 19 times forward earnings, a deep discount to its peers despite its similar rate of projected earnings growth. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 17

Chipotle (“CMG”) Chipotle delivered outstanding results in 2023 driven by the company’s continued focus on exceptional food and operational excellence. Same-store sales grew 8% in 2023, or 42% from 2019 levels. Traffic growth accelerated from 4% in the first quarter to more than 7% in the fourth quarter as customers responded to Chipotle’s industry-leading value proposition, faster throughput, and successful menu innovations including its Chicken Al Pastor and Carne Asada limited time offerings. Customer feedback shows that Chipotle’s offering is closely aligned with how today’s consumer wants to eat, while serving higher quality food than its fast casual competitors at 20-30% lower prices. Chipotle’s robust sales growth and attractive unit economics resulted in 230bps of restaurant-level margin expansion in 2023. While management made encouraging progress during the year, it still sees significant opportunity to improve in-restaurant execution, which should further increase profitability and enhance the customer experience in the near term. We believe Chipotle is in the early innings of a decades-long growth story. In North America, management expects to grow its restaurant count at a rate of 8% to 10% per annum, with the goal of more than doubling its store base to at least 7,000 locations. International expansion remains a largely untapped opportunity, with the company just beginning to increase investment in Europe and recently announcing its first-ever franchise agreement in the Middle East. In addition to opening new restaurants, Chipotle’s many growth opportunities in existing restaurants include menu innovations, loyalty program enhancements, and the long-term potential to offer breakfast and leverage automation technology to simplify operations.

Restaurant Brands (“QSR”) QSR’s franchised business model is a high-quality, capital-light, growing annuity that generates high-margin brand royalty fees from its four leading brands: Burger King, Tim Hortons, Popeyes, and Firehouse Subs. Since Patrick Doyle joined as Executive Chairman in November 2022, QSR has announced various strategic initiatives and begun providing investors with more details about the business. Coupled with significant investments over the last few years to drive more consistent growth across each of its brands, QSR has entered a new era of what we believe will be consistently stronger performance. In February, the company hosted an investor day and introduced a five-year growth outlook comprising 3%+ annual comparable sales and 5%+ net restaurant growth, driving 8%+ system-wide sales and operating income growth. We believe the company can outperform these targets, as expenses will grow slower than sales while it laps its investments at Burger King in the U.S. The company also updated investors on franchisee profitability with significant improvements at each of its brands, including nearly 50% increases in franchise profitability at Burger King in the U.S. and 30% at Tim Hortons in Canada. Burger King’s turnaround in the U.S. is well underway and is now poised for acceleration. Comparable sales in the U.S. improved each quarter during the year despite the majority of the $400 million “Reclaim the Flame” program yet to be spent. To further accelerate the turnaround, the company announced plans to acquire its largest franchisee, Carrols, with the goal of fully modernizing and refranchising its restaurants over the next five to seven years. We believe these substantial investments will transform the majority of Burger King’s restaurants to their modern image and help shift the franchise system towards smaller more entrepreneurial operators, setting the brand up for long-term success.

The company also revised its segment reporting and began providing standalone financials for its international business. In our view, this is the crown jewel of the company, as it is a pure franchised royalty business, with a decades-long opportunity for unit growth. In 2023, QSR’s international business generated systemwide sales growth of 18% and operating income growth of 15%, despite temporary weakness in some markets. The international business comprises nearly half of QSR's restaurants and nearly a third of its operating income, a strong source of long-term growth and profitability for the company. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 18

Despite economic weakness in China, we expect unit growth will be higher in 2024 than 2023 and will eventually return to the company’s historic 5%+ growth rate. While QSR has made substantial progress across its brands, it still trades at a discount to its intrinsic value and its peers, which have lower long-term growth potential. Hilton (“HLT”) Hilton is a high-quality, asset-light, high-margin business with significant long-term growth potential. Hilton generated strong financial performance in 2023 as revenue per available room (“RevPAR”), the industry metric for same-store sales, increased 13% year over year reflecting both the continued late-cycle international recovery from COVID-related industrywide disruption and strong domestic trends. Earnings-per-share grew 27% year over year, and are now ~60% above pre-COVID-19 levels reflecting the compounded benefit of Hilton’s net unit growth, excellent cost control, and share buybacks. Near-term industry trends remain favorable, which will continue to benefit from continued robust RevPAR growth balanced across still improving occupancy trends and continued strength in average daily room rate (“ADR”). While aggregate occupancy remains modestly below pre-COVID levels, it is poised to improve in 2024 driven by acceleration in business transient travel, record group demand, and strong international growth. Similarly, ADR growth is likely to continue given strong demand against a backdrop of record low domestic supply growth of net new rooms. As a result, 2024 RevPAR growth is likely to remain above long-term trends. For context, STR Global, the industry’s leading hospitality research firm, is projecting 2024 U.S. RevPAR growth of 4%, while international RevPAR growth is likely to be even stronger. Hilton’s net unit growth is poised to accelerate in 2024 to ~6% or more. Hilton currently has the largest pipeline of rooms in the company’s history at 462,000, of which nearly half are under construction.

This growth is supported by both existing and new brand concepts including Spark and LivSmart Studios by Hilton, a new exclusive partnership with Small Luxury Hotels of the World, and the recently announced acquisition of the Graduate Hotels brand. Over the medium-term, Hilton stands to benefit from continued RevPAR growth (which historically grows at a premium to inflation), the acceleration of net unit growth back to Hilton’s historical industry-leading cadence of 6% to 7%, and continued strong growth from non-RevPAR fee earnings. Strong high-single-digit revenue growth combined with Hilton’s excellent cost control, high incremental margins, and substantial capital return program should drive robust earnings growth for the foreseeable future. Howard Hughes (“HHH”) HHH delivered strong business performance in 2023, highlighting the high-quality nature of its well-located master-planned communities (“MPCs”) and resilient business model. In its land sales segment, the company generated a record $341 million in full-year profits. New home sales in HHH’s communities, a leading indicator of future land sales, increased an impressive 45% in 2023. The surge in new home sales continues to be driven by a significant shortage of resale housing inventory as existing homeowners are reluctant to give up their low-rate mortgages. This dynamic has led to robust homebuilder demand against a backdrop of limited supply of vacant lots in HHH’s MPCs. The resulting supply-demand imbalance has supported strong pricing growth with the company’s average price per acre for residential land sold exceeding $1 million in Q4 2023, up 22% year-over-year, a record-high milestone for the company. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 19

HHH’s portfolio of income-producing operating assets have generated rental rate increases and strong leasing activity contributing to net operating income growth of 4% in 2023. This strong operating performance has enabled the company to navigate a challenging capital markets environment for real estate. In 2023, the company closed $659 million of financings, including approximately $500 million of construction loans across six new development projects. In October 2023, HHH announced plans to spin-off its newly-formed Seaport Entertainment division, which will include the Seaport District in New York City, the Las Vegas Aviators baseball team and stadium, and the company’s ownership stake in Jean-Georges Restaurants. The company has appointed Anton Nikodemus, former President & COO of MGM CityCenter and an entertainment industry veteran with over 30 years of experience, as the CEO of Seaport Entertainment. We are optimistic Anton and his team will unlock significant embedded upside potential in Seaport Entertainment’s unique collection of assets. Moreover, we believe the planned separation will further establish HHH as a streamlined, pure-play MPC company. HHH is in the early stages of its decades-long value creation opportunity, and we expect the company to become substantially more free-cash-flow generative in the coming years. Pershing Square purchased an additional 3.0 million shares of HHH in 2023 at an average price of $72 per share and now owns 38% of the company. We believe our purchase price represents a deep discount to the company’s intrinsic value given its uniquely advantaged business model and long-term growth prospects. Canadian Pacific Kansas City (“CPKC”) CPKC is a high-quality, inflation-protected, unique North American railroad that operates in an oligopolistic industry with significant barriers to entry.

In 2023, Canadian Pacific made history when it closed the acquisition of Kansas City Southern and renamed the combined company Canadian Pacific Kansas City, creating the only railroad with a direct route connecting Canada, the United States, and Mexico. This transformative acquisition will generate substantial long-term shareholder value as well as create competitive options for shippers and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by converting trucks to rail transportation. In the 11 months since the acquisition closed, CPKC has already realized $350 million of run-rate revenue synergies, exceeding management’s expectations, despite a soft demand environment. Broad-based contract wins across end markets including chemicals, automotive, and cross-border intermodal demonstrate the attractiveness of the company’s unique service product. CPKC is also ahead of plan on realizing cost synergies as the team successfully integrates the two networks after overcoming some operational challenges in Mexico. We believe CPKC is well on its way to achieving management’s goal to more than double the company’s earnings per share by 2028 while holding capital expenditures at current levels. We continue to believe that CPKC’s one-of-a-kind network and superb team are well positioned to deliver profitable long-term growth in the coming years. Fannie Mae (“Fannie”) and Freddie Mac (“Freddie”) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac remain valuable perpetual options on the companies’ exit from conservatorship. There have been no material updates about the companies since our 2023 Semiannual Report. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 20

Both entities continue to build capital through retained earnings which have increased their combined capital to $125 billion, what is already likely a fortress-level of capital. We continue to believe that the economic and political rationale for Fannie and Freddie’s independence remains intact. The U.S. Presidential election in November 2024 may present the opportunity for a change in the status quo. Both companies’ stock price increases in 2023 and year to date reflect optimism around a potential re-privatization in the event former President Trump is re-elected. The Trump administration had begun the process of releasing Fannie and Freddie from conservatorship, a process which would likely be completed in a future Trump administration. Exited Equity Positions: Lowe’s (“LOW”) As discussed in the February Annual Investor Presentation, we exited our investment in Lowe’s (“LOW”) after a highly successful, nearly six-year holding period, thereby freeing up capital for new opportunities. Lowe’s is a high-quality business with significant long-term earnings growth potential that has been successfully executing a multi-faceted business transformation in recent years. We initiated the position in 2018 on the thesis that Lowe’s refreshed board of directors would hire a world-class management team capable of closing the substantial operational and financial performance gap that then-existed relative to its direct competitor, Home Depot. We viewed the operating discrepancies with Home Depot to be largely a byproduct of poor focus and suboptimal management which could be fixed with excellent new leadership and renewed focus on operational excellence. After initiating our position, Lowe’s hired Marvin Ellison as CEO, a superb, former senior-level operations executive from Home Depot.

Marvin quickly assembled a refreshed team of world-class operators and merchants who have successfully executed a substantial operational transformation in recent years: (1) substantial share gains by Lowe’s in its professional and omnichannel markets, (2) five-year U.S. same-store sales growth of +32%, and (3) operating profit margin expansion of ~475bps (a 55% increase, with margins expanding from 8.6% to 13.3%). Lowe’s earnings have increased approximately ~2.6x over this period and its share price has responded accordingly, increasing 175% from our average cost at announcement date to our average sale price. While we continue to maintain a positive outlook for Lowe’s long-term earnings prospects, we exited the position in late 2023 as we became concerned that volatile industry conditions created an uncertain near-term earnings trajectory, including downside risk to both Lowe’s same-store sales and earnings. In that context, we thought that Lowe’s valuation at the time of our sale largely reflected the company’s future financial prospects. Lowe’s subsequently guided towards another year of negative same-store sales and for earnings to decline in 2024. We continue to monitor Lowe’s business prospects and believe the company is positioned to continue to succeed over the long-term. Lowe’s has been a highly successful investment for Pershing Square. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 21

PUBLIC COMPANY ENGAGEMENT SINCE INCEPTION(18) Long Positions 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2008 2008 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2015 2016 2017 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2023 2023 Short Positions* 2004 2005 2007 2007 2007 2012

• Short Positions includes options, credit default swaps and other instruments that provide short economic exposure. Pershing Square has no current intention to initiate a public equity short position. The companies on this page reflect all of the portfolio companies, long and short, as of March 19, 2024, in respect of which (a) Pershing Square or any Pershing Square Fund, as applicable, has designated a representative to the board, filed Schedule 13D, Form 4 or a similar non-US filing or has made a Hart-Scott Rodino filing; or (b) Pershing Square has publicly recommended changes to the company’s strategy in an investment-specific white paper, letter or presentation. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. All investments involve risk, including the loss of principal. Please see accompanying endnotes and disclaimers on pages 121125. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 22

Principal Risks and Uncertainties The Board has ultimate responsibility for the Company’s risk management. The Board recognizes that identifying the inherent risks related to the business and operations of the Company and developing an effective strategy to manage and mitigate these risks is crucial to the ongoing viability and success of the Company. In order to identify these risks, the Board reviews the management of investment risk and the operations of the Investment Manager at each quarterly Board meeting. In addition, the Board has established a Risk Committee, which at least annually carries out a robust assessment of the existing and emerging risks facing the Company, including those that could threaten its business model, future performance, solvency or liquidity. The Risk Committee’s assessment identified 44 existing risks relevant to the Company’s business, including risks arising from the Company’s investment activities, structure and operations as well as risks relating to shareholder engagement and regulatory compliance. The Risk Committee has considered the cause of each risk, the likelihood of the risk occurring, and the severity of the impact on the Company if the risk occurs, both before and after taking into account the controls in place to mitigate it. Based on this assessment, the Risk Committee has identified the subset of risks set out below as the principal risks faced by the Company. The discussion of each principal risk below also includes the effect of any applicable emerging risks identified by the Committee. Risk Description Mitigating Factors Investment The Company’s investments are exposed to The Investment Manager is an experienced investor and makes investment Risk the risk of the loss of capital.

There is no decisions in accordance with its investment principles as described in the assurance that the Company’s portfolio Company’s Investment Policy. investments will increase in value and The most important criterion in the Investment Manager’s investment shareholders may lose all, or substantially selection process is its view of the long-term quality of a business, which is all, of their investment in the Company. informed by, among other things, the Investment Manager’s assessment of Failure to appropriately integrate risks into the potential impact of risks to the business, including ESG risks, and how investment decisions or to manage risks these risks are managed by its board and management. The Investment to which the Company’s investments are Manager assesses risks to the long-term success of the Company’s exposed, including Environmental, Social, investments by performing extensive research prior to making an and Governance (“ESG”) risks such as investment decision and by ongoing monitoring to deeply understand each climate change, may have a material business and the industry in which it operates. The Investment Manager’s negative impact on the Company’s approach to the management of ESG risks as a component of investment risk performance. is further described in its ESG Statement available on the Company’s website. The Board and Investment Manager have identified artificial intelligence (AI) as an The potential impact of AI is a primary concern of the Investment Manager emerging risk to the Company’s when evaluating portfolio companies and the Investment Manager seeks to investments. position the portfolio such that its constituents benefit from, rather than are disrupted by, AI. See the Portfolio Update in the Investment Manager’s Report for further discussion of AI’s impact on individual names. The Board receives quarterly updates on the performance of the Company’s portfolio positions.

The long-term interests of the Investment Manager are aligned with the Company’s shareholders as a result of the substantial investment made by the Investment Manager’s personnel in the Company. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 23

Risk Description Mitigating Factors Investment The Investment Manager has broad The Board receives a report from the Investment Manager at each quarterly Manager’s investment authority in executing the Board meeting, or as necessary, on developments and risks relating to Authority Company’s strategy and may use whatever portfolio positions, financial instruments, and the portfolio composition as a investment techniques it believes are whole. suitable for the Company, including novel The Investment Manager engages in a thorough diligence process for novel or untested approaches. investment structures and is an experienced investor. The Investment In addition, the Company’s strategy Manager seeks to limit the impact of unsuccessful novel investments on the depends on the ability of the Investment Company’s performance by sizing them appropriately and regularly Manager to successfully identify attractive reevaluating any unrealized losses. The Investment Manager has no current investment opportunities. intention to initiate a public equity short position. Performance fees may incentivize the Performance fee calculation takes into account both unrealized gains and Investment Manager to take on excessive losses, and no performance fee is paid unless NAV appreciation exceeds the risk within the portfolio. high water mark. Investment team compensation is based on performance of the overall portfolio rather than any individual position. The long-term interests of the Investment Manager are aligned with the Company’s shareholders as a result of the substantial investment made by the Investment Manager’s personnel in the Company. Portfolio The Investment Manager may invest a The Investment Manager performs extensive research prior to making new Concentration significant proportion of the Company’s investments, along with ongoing monitoring of positions held in the capital in a limited number of investments, Company’s portfolio.

The Investment Manager is mindful of sector and including asymmetric hedges, subject to industry exposures and other correlations between businesses in which the the Company’s Investment Policy. Because Company invests. The Investment Manager will reduce position sizes the Company’s portfolio is highly accordingly in investments with greater leverage, business complexity or concentrated, it is sensitive to general other factors that create a risk of substantial permanent impairment of market fluctuations and its investment value. results may be volatile. A concentrated The Board reviews portfolio concentrations and receives a detailed portfolio also exacerbates the risk that a overview of the portfolio positions no less than quarterly, and more loss in any one position could have a frequently as necessary. material adverse impact on the Company’s assets. The Investment Policy prohibits investments by the Company in, or giving exposure to, the securities of any one issuer representing more than 25% of the Company’s gross assets (assets on the statement of financial position prior to deduction of liabilities) measured at the time of making the investment. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 24

Risk Description Mitigating Factors Corporate The Investment Manager is an engaged The Investment Manager has significant experience engaging constructively Engagement investor and may advocate for managerial, with the management of portfolio companies, and management has been operating and governance changes, which supportive of its role in the substantial majority of such engagements. The may require the substantial use of time, Investment Manager takes an active role where it believes the commitment resources and capital and may involve of time, energy, and capital is justified in light of the potential reward. litigation by or in opposition to the target The Investment Manager does not currently intend to initiate public equity company’s management, board or short positions. shareholders. The Board is kept informed of and reviews the Investment Manager’s active engagements with portfolio companies. Portfolio The Company may be restricted from The timing of the Company’s significant liquidity events (e.g. bond coupon Liquidity Risk trading in certain securities in its portfolio payments, bond maturities, dividends, etc.) is known well in advance by the for which the Investment Manager has Investment Manager. board representation or for contractual, The Investment Manager actively monitors positions with trading regulatory or other reasons. restrictions to manage its future liquidity needs. The Investment Manager Stressful market conditions may prevent may sell securities subject to restrictions through block sales, during open the Company from having sufficient trading windows or pursuant to automatic trading plans. When joining the liquidity to meet its liabilities when due. board of an issuer, the Investment Manager typically seeks to receive registration rights to facilitate future sales. The Company invests primarily in large-capitalization securities which are highly liquid under normal market conditions.

The Investment Manager actively manages the Company’s cash and cash equivalents to ensure, as much as possible, that the Company will have sufficient liquidity under both normal and stressed market conditions. NAV Discount The Public Shares of the Company have in For a summary of actions the Company has taken to address the discount, the past, currently and may in the future please see “Discount to NAV” in the Report of the Directors. trade at a significant discount to NAV, The Board monitors the trading activity of the shares on a regular basis and which may affect demand for the Public reviews the discount to NAV at its quarterly meetings. The Company has Shares. retained advisers to engage with existing and potential shareholders and to assist in its consideration of potential measures to reduce the discount of share price to NAV. Regulatory Regulatory risk can negatively impact the Prior to initiating an investment, the Investment Manager considers the Risk Company in a number of ways. For possible legal and regulatory issues that could impact its ability to achieve example, changes in laws or regulations its objective with respect to such position. The Investment Manager’s legal could have a detrimental impact on the and compliance team (supported by professional external advisers) Company’s ability to freely acquire and monitors regulatory changes on an ongoing basis and informs the Board of dispose of certain securities or deploy emerging risks. certain investment techniques. In addition, The Board and the Investment Manager maintain policies and procedures failure to comply with laws or regulations designed to prevent violations of applicable laws and regulations. The Board can subject the Company to reputational is provided with the Investment Manager’s compliance manual and periodic damage and prosecutions. updates thereto.

The Board is apprised of any regulatory inquiries or material regulatory developments and receives quarterly updates from the Investment Manager’s Chief Legal and Compliance Officer. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 25

Risk Description Mitigating Factors Key Personnel The departure of Mr Ackman and Mr Israel To mitigate the risk of Mr Ackman’s unforeseen departure, the Investment or of a significant number of members of Manager appointed Ryan Israel, the longest-tenured member of the the investment team could have a material investment team, as Chief Investment Officer in August 2022. adverse effect on the Company’s ability to The investment team and other senior personnel of the Investment Manager achieve its investment objective. are experienced, longstanding employees, and there is minimal turnover. While Mr Ackman has ultimate discretion with respect to all investment decisions, each member of the investment team plays a material role in the construction and management of the portfolio. The Investment Manager has structured the incentive compensation of key personnel to promote their retention and contribute to the long-term success of the Company. Sound corporate governance principles and segregation of duties are well established and effectively practiced. The Investment Manager maintains a contingency plan to facilitate an orderly transition in the management of the Company’s affairs and communications to shareholders upon the occurrence of Mr Ackman’s death or permanent disability. Tax Risk The Company may conduct its affairs in a The Company aims to avoid adverse tax consequences and engages way that places its tax status at risk. experienced tax advisers as appropriate. Changes to the tax laws of, or practice in a tax jurisdiction affecting the Company could adversely affect the value of the Company’s investments and decrease the post-tax returns to shareholders. Investments in the Company may not be tax efficient for certain shareholders.

The Investment Manager may make an investment or trading decision which takes into account tax consequences for some investors and/or is tax efficient for some shareholders, but which may result in adverse tax or economic consequences for other shareholders. Market Risk Adverse changes affecting the global The Investment Manager monitors emerging risks to global markets as part financial markets and global economy may of its portfolio management process. have a material negative impact on the While the Company is not committed to maintaining market hedges at any performance of the Company’s investments time, the Investment Manager may seek to opportunistically invest in or may cause the prices of financial and hedges to protect the Company’s portfolio against specific macroeconomic derivative instruments in which the risks and capitalize on market volatility. In order to mitigate market-related Company invests to be highly volatile. downside risk, the Company may acquire put options, short market indices The Board and the Investment Manager or baskets of securities and/or purchase index or single-name credit default have identified AI and uncertainty swaps, interest rate or currency hedges, or engage in other hedging regarding the outcome of U.S. federal strategies. elections in 2024 as emerging risks to the stability of global financial markets. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 26

Risk Description Mitigating Factors Information An information security breach results in The Company’s sensitive information is primarily maintained by the Security the disclosure of the Company’s sensitive Investment Manager and the Administrator, which have implemented information and/or access to core systems robust information security controls, frequent testing, periodic assessments being disrupted or denied. and advanced monitoring of cybersecurity threats. The Board and the Investment Manager The Investment Manager reviews the information security controls of identified as an emerging risk, service providers with access to sensitive Company information to ensure developments in AI that could increase the appropriate protections are in place. All core operating systems are number, precision and success of cyber regularly backed up. attacks against the Company. The Investment Manager assesses emerging threats to its information security, including the heightened risk posed by malicious use of AI in ransomware and other types of cyber attacks and has implemented additional monitoring of network traffic and integrated AI into its monitoring of user activity and phishing campaigns. The Information Security Committee of the Investment Manager meets semi-annually or more frequently as needed to evaluate information security risks and to review the effectiveness of the Investment Manager’s information security controls. The Board receives quarterly updates on information security and a periodic overview of the Investment Manager’s information security program. Service Key service providers perform The Investment Manager has adopted a vendor supervision policy and Providers inadequately or expose the Company to performs due diligence on service providers, including information security risk. and business continuity reviews, in accordance with its assessment of their risk to the Company.

An external incident (e.g. pandemic, natural disaster) significantly disrupts key service The Investment Manager monitors key service providers through frequent providers. contact and reports to the Board as needed. The Board advises on the engagement of service providers as appropriate and the Management Engagement Committee reviews key service providers at least annually. Insurance The Company is liable for claims due to the The Company and the Investment Manager maintain insurance policies with failure of an insurance underwriter or reputable insurance underwriters. inadequate insurance coverage. Insurance arrangements and limits are reviewed annually by the Board to ensure they remain appropriate. Pershing Square Holdings, Ltd. Annual Report 2023 27

Key Themes

• The Eight Commandments — the stone tablets as the entry filter for every position, applied to a portfolio that changed by exactly one name
• Avoiding Extrinsic Risks — the letter's organizing idea: own businesses that succeed despite extrinsic shocks, and hedge the shocks themselves
• Asymmetric Hedging — from episodic trades to a dedicated team with a standing mandate, including the October rotation from payer to receiver swaptions
• Capital Allocation Discipline — "frenetic investment activity is often the enemy of long-term performance": one addition, one exit, hedges managed for the portfolio rather than for their own profit

Context & Significance

This is Act IV, the renaissance, in its philosophical register — the letter of a man who has stopped proving and started explaining. The mindset is visible in the self-critique that only a secure record permits: reviewing the three great hedges of twenty years, Ackman's verdict is not triumph but undersizing, "we should have invested more." It is the same audit voice as the 2016 post-mortem, now applied to success. The three-chapter framing is equally deliberate. By printing the valley as "chapter two" of a three-chapter history — bounded, analyzed, and closed — the letter performs the final act of the rebuild: turning the worst period of the firm's life into curriculum. Even the competitive-advantages essay, invoking Michael Porter (a Gotham Partners investor, then a two-decade advisory board member), recasts Pershing Square's history in the language of durable strategy rather than personal brilliance.

The operational content matches the philosophy. The hedging discussion states the goal as protection against permanent loss and liquidity at maximum value — never standalone profit, the homeowner's-policy logic — and discloses both the discipline's cost (hedges lost 187 basis points in 2023) and its evolution (selling the 30-year payer swaptions in October at a 33% premium, rotating into receivers). The portfolio section is almost ostentatiously uneventful: Alphabet in, Lowe's out, and a lecture on why inactivity is the strategy working. The activist identity itself is gently retired — influence now flows from "substantial credibility with management teams, boards of directors," earned over twenty years, making the confrontational machinery unnecessary.

The honest hindsight is that this letter is the capstone the KB's four-act structure is built from. Every thread terminates here: the golden era's instrument fluency and the valley's risk definition fused into the dedicated hedging team; the 2014 permanent-capital thesis now an unremarkable fact of life; the right-CEO doctrine running quietly inside holdings like Howard Hughes under David O'Reilly. Read against the 2014 letter's swagger, the 2023 letter's calm is itself the evidence. The transformation Ackman began announcing in 2017 is, by this document, simply complete — and the letter knows it well enough to spend its pages explaining why, rather than insisting that, the machine endures.