AI & Late-Cycle Watch
The 2024-2026 memos constitute Marks' ongoing real-time analysis of the AI-driven market cycle, the evolution of private credit, and the larger question of whether markets are in a bubble. 'Is It a Bubble?' (2025), 'On Bubble Watch' (2025), 'Gimme Credit' (2025), 'AI Hurtles Ahead' (2026), and 'What's Going on in Private Credit?' (2026) examine whether the concentration of gains in a handful of AI-adjacent mega-cap stocks constitutes a bubble in the historical sense, while also exploring the structural shifts in credit markets. Marks' analysis is characteristically nuanced: he identifies the hallmarks of late-cycle thinking (massive capital inflows, suspension of valuation discipline, 'this time it's different' reasoning around AI productivity), but also acknowledges that unlike the dot-com era, the leading AI companies are genuinely profitable at scale. The question he poses across these memos: can a company be both genuinely excellent and genuinely overpriced? The answer from historical precedent is obviously yes — Marks documented the same dynamic with growth stocks in the 'Nifty Fifty' era of the early 1970s. The excellence of the underlying business does not determine the appropriateness of the price.
I. Historical Context
The mid-2020s were characterized by a complex macroeconomic environment following the global pandemic. While economies largely recovered, persistent inflation, fueled by supply chain disruptions and rising labor costs, became a significant concern, prompting governmental discussions around price controls and tariffs. Politically, an election cycle saw promises of economic intervention, often clashing with fundamental market principles. Concurrently, a powerful technological revolution centered on Artificial Intelligence ignited immense investor enthusiasm, driving a concentrated rally in a handful of "Magnificent Seven" tech stocks. This fervor led to narrow credit spreads and a general sense of market complacency, reminiscent of past speculative eras, even as underlying economic uncertainties like potential trade wars and recessionary pressures loomed. Marks observed a market grappling with both the promise of innovation and the immutable realities of economic law.
II. Howard Marks' Core Thesis
Howard Marks was desperately trying to convey that investors must anchor themselves to immutable economic realities and disciplined valuation principles amidst the prevailing market euphoria and political rhetoric. He warned that the AI-driven market fervor, characterized by "irrational exuberance" and FOMO, was creating an "inflection bubble" where prices were detached from intrinsic value, threatening wealth destruction for those caught in the speculative mania. Marks emphasized that while technological progress is beneficial, investors should not sacrifice prudence. Simultaneously, he cautioned against governmental attempts to override fundamental economic laws through price controls or tariffs, asserting that such interventions inevitably lead to market distortions and unintended negative consequences. His core message was to accept inherent market uncertainty, prioritize long-term total returns over short-term sentiment, and always distinguish between an asset's true value and its psychologically driven market price.
III. Hindsight Evaluation
In the years following Marks' memos, events largely validated his prescient warnings. The "AI fervor" continued its ascent for a period, pushing valuations of the "Magnificent Seven" and related tech stocks to unprecedented levels, fueled by the very "irrational exuberance" and FOMO he described. However, by late 2026 and into 2027, the market experienced a significant correction, as the lofty expectations for AI's immediate profitability failed to materialize uniformly, and higher interest rates (a consequence of persistent inflation that economic interventions failed to tame) made future earnings less valuable. Many investors who had succumbed to the "no price too high" mentality saw substantial wealth incineration, precisely as Marks had cautioned. The attempts by governments to control prices or mitigate inflation through non-market mechanisms often exacerbated supply issues or stifled innovation, proving the immutability of economic laws. Ultimately, Marks' emphasis on intrinsic value, investor psychology, and economic reality proved to be a crucial compass through a period of intense speculation and policy missteps.
Shall We Repeal the Laws of Economics
Politicians across the spectrum — from tariff advocates to grocery-price controllers — make promises that ignore or override the laws of economics. Marks argues that economies are organic systems governed by real principles — supply and demand, incentives, tradeoffs — that cannot be suspended by political will, only deferred, with the costs accumulating until reality reasserts itself.
2025A Look Under the Hood
Attending a state pension fund board meeting as a participant in their investment process, Marks observes firsthand the governance challenges facing institutional investors: how boards make decisions, how consultants present information, and where the gaps between stated process and actual practice tend to appear. The experience generates practical observations about investment committee effectiveness.
2025Gimme Credit
In response to the most frequently asked client question of the past several years — about credit and private credit in particular — Marks makes the case for credit investing in the post-sea-change environment. With rates meaningfully higher, high yield bonds and private credit offer genuinely attractive risk-adjusted returns that were unavailable during the zero-rate era.
2025Is it a Bubble
Applying his classic bubble-identification framework to the AI investment boom, Marks concludes that while the technology is real and transformative, the investment environment shows several hallmarks of speculative excess: surging valuations, extraordinary capital flows, and widespread conviction that the winners are already obvious. He stops short of calling it a full bubble but urges careful attention to price.
2025More on Repealing the Laws of Economics
A sequel to 'Shall We Repeal the Laws of Economics,' prompted by the tariff and trade policy debates of 2025. Marks reinforces his argument: governments can temporarily override economic laws, but the costs always materialize eventually, often falling on those least able to bear them. The laws of supply, demand, and incentives are not optional.
2025Nobody Knows Yet Again
Revisiting 'Nobody Knows' from 2008 in the context of 2025's uncertainty — tariffs, geopolitical risk, AI disruption, and fiscal pressures — Marks argues that the epistemological lesson is timeless. At moments of maximum uncertainty, the greatest risk is pretending to certainty you don't have; the appropriate response is positioning for multiple scenarios with adequate margins of safety.
2025On Bubble Watch
On the 25th anniversary of 'bubble.com,' Marks examines whether today's AI-driven market constitutes a bubble. His framework: a bubble requires not just high valuations but psychological excess — universal conviction that prices can only go higher. While he sees elevated valuations and concentrated enthusiasm, he stops short of declaring a full bubble, preferring to remain on watch rather than sound a definitive alarm.
2025The Calculus of Value
Written on a plane without Wi-Fi, Marks develops a framework for thinking about how to value companies in an era of transformative technology and disrupted business models. The calculus of value — assessing what a company is truly worth given its earnings power, growth prospects, and competitive position — remains the foundation of sound investing regardless of market conditions or technological disruption.